Figure 3.1: Block diagram showing vehicle and server part
The
system is divided into two parts mainly vehicle and server. The vehicle
part lies in the vehicle whereas the server part is kept at any
authorized controlling department. These two parts communicate using GSM
module which is used in both the parts for transmitting and receiving
information.
The
vehicle part has a GPS component which continuously checks the satellite
connection and keeps receiving the latitude and longitude of the
specific point. This information gathered by the GPS receiver is sent to
the microcontroller through serial data transfer. When any customer
hires the vehicle, the driver pushes the start button and the
microcontroller starts to receive the serial data sent from GPS
receiver. This data is manipulated to isolate the value of latitude and
longitude. The isolated value is stored in the SD card in the form on
CSV file. At the same time two consecutive values of latitude and
longitude is used to calculate the distance between those two points.
The calculated distance is again processed by the microcontroller in
order to get the value of taxi fare according to the rate sent through
the server computer.
Now,
when the destination is reached, the driver pushes the stop button
which then displays the taxi fare calculated on the LCD. In addition
with this, the microcontroller also displays the location of the vehicle
at that point comparing the received latitude longitude value with the
one already specified in the SD card. The microcontroller also receives
the data from the server part through the GSM module.
The
additional component connected with the microcontroller is the
accelerometer. This device is used to calculate the tilt of the vehicle
which will help to detect the accident of the vehicle when occurred. The
occurrence of the accident automates the microcontroller to send the
signal to the server from where required measures can be taken.
Server
consists of a microcontroller and GSM. The GSM receives the information
sent from the vehicle which is in case of any accident. Similarly, the
module sends data to the vehicle when any rate of the vehicle needs to
be changed.
3.2 Circuit Diagram
Figure 3.2: Overall circuit D
3.3 Methodology
Among
different methods to calculate the distance, we are using the latitude
and longitude coordinates which is provided by our GPS receiver. The
distance between two latitude and longitude points is calculated using
HAVERSINE FORMULA as given below:
a=sin²(Δφ/2)+cos(φ1).cos(φ2).sin²(Δλ/2)
c=2.atan2(√a,√(1−a))
d = R.c
Where φ is latitude, λ is longitude, R is earth’s radius (mean radius = 6,371km)
The programming language we use is C-programming. There is a special
library called “math” which is included in our code through header file
“math.h”. This library allows us to use functions like sine, cosine,
tan, square etc.
The value of Δφ and Δλ is difference of two consecutive latitude and longitude respectively.
This formula gives the shortest distance between two points but the
actual scenario of the roads is never a straight distance. To overcome
this, we took the latitude and longitude for every 5 second and then
calculate small displacements for each 5 seconds. These values were
added finally to give total distance.
To
consider the traffic jams, we first check the distance and if it is
zero, we check if the engine has stopped. In case, it hasn’t stopped, we
calculate the time and add specified amount to the final bill.
Similarly, for accident detection we compare the y coordinate of the
vehicle with some threshold value. The accelerometer we use gives the
coordinates in the form of voltage level which is compared with the
threshold value. The value of 250 to 500 is termed as safe where as any
variation from this is termed as accident. As we have measured, this
value of voltage gives approximate of 45 degree tilt which can be
considered as accident.
3.4 Algorithm
Initialize LCD, GSM, GPS, SD card.
Check start button click
If yes: goto step 3
If no: goto step 2
Extract position from GPS
Store the location in SD card
Calculate the distance
Check stop button click
If yes: goto step 6
If no: goto step 5
Calculate fare
Display fare on LCD
Stop
For accident detection:
Start
Get tilt value from accelerometer
Compare with the threshold value
250<value<500: (no accident) go to step 2
Else (accident occurred) go to step 4
Send message to the specified person
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