LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Some Importantant links below with reports.just view the lik below.just search any project on our search box
Arduino interesting projects:   
Arduino 30 simple and good projects 
Atmega projects lists
Android Electronics projects lists
Rf based Projects with report
engineering study notes 
GSM GPS based projects with report
Bluetooth based projects with reports


7.    LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Advances in the features, miniaturization, and cost of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) controller chips have made LCDs usable not only in commercial products but also in hobbyist projects. By themselves, Liquid Crystal Displays can be difficult to drive because they require multiplexing, AC drive waveforms, and special voltages. LCD modules make this driving simpler by attaching hardware to the raw glass LCD to assist in some or all of these rudimentary driving tasks. LCD modules can be split into two groups: those that have built-in controller and driver chips, and those that have only driver chips. LCD displays that do not have controllers are typically used with powerful hardware, such as a laptop computer, where a video controller is available to generate the complex drive signals necessary to run the display.
Most color and large (greater than 320x240) monochrome displays are of this type. Other common sizes are 16x1, 20x1, 20x2, 20x4, 40x1, and 40x2 (characters x lines). Fortunately, all HD44780-based displays (of any size) use the same standard 14-wire interface.
Therefore, code and hardware made for one size/type display can be painlessly adapted to work for any HD44780 compatible. Information about these displays can be easily obtained on the web by including “HD44780” in our search keywords. Because of their widespread use, these displays can be purchased surp

GPS based virtual fencing

Some Importantant links below with reports.just view the lik below.just search any project on our search box
Arduino interesting projects:   
Arduino 30 simple and good projects 
Atmega projects lists
Android Electronics projects lists
Rf based Projects with report
engineering study notes 
GSM GPS based projects with report
Bluetooth based projects with reports


1. INTRODUCTION

PLEASE use image  yourself or down load the full report...searchin in the searech box

1.1 DEFINITION
The term “virtual” has been defined in philosophy as "that which is not real" but may display the salient qualities of the real. In general, fencing refers to a boundary; both the words put together it virtual fencing refers to a boundary, which doesn’t exist physically.

1.2 VIRTUAL FENCING
The purpose the project “GPS based virtual fencing” is to construct a virtual fencing that functions similar to physical fencing. A virtual fence is a barrier that uses electric shock to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from uncomfortable, to painful or even lethal (capable of causing death). Mostly used today for agricultural fencing and other forms of animal control purposes, though it is frequently used to enhance security of sensitive areas, and there exist places where lethal voltages are used. Virtual fencing for the wild animals is meant to restrict animals to move in only few areas.